Chapter 19. Extending MySQL

Table of Contents

19.1. MySQL Internals
19.1.1. MySQL Threads
19.1.2. MySQL Test Suite
19.2. Adding New Functions to MySQL
19.2.1. Features of the User-Defined Function Interface
19.2.2. CREATE FUNCTION Syntax
19.2.3. DROP FUNCTION Syntax
19.2.4. Adding a New User-Defined Function
19.2.5. Adding a New Native Function
19.3. Adding New Procedures to MySQL
19.3.1. PROCEDURE ANALYSE
19.3.2. Writing a Procedure

19.1. MySQL Internals

This chapter describes a lot of things that you need to know when working on the MySQL code. If you plan to contribute to MySQL development, want to have access to the bleeding-edge versions of the code, or just want to keep track of development, follow the instructions in Section 2.9.3, “Installing from the Development Source Tree”. If you are interested in MySQL internals, you should also subscribe to our internals mailing list. This list has relatively low traffic. For details on how to subscribe, please see Section 1.6.1, “MySQL Mailing Lists”. All developers at MySQL AB are on the internals list and we help other people who are working on the MySQL code. Feel free to use this list both to ask questions about the code and to send patches that you would like to contribute to the MySQL project!

19.1.1. MySQL Threads

The MySQL server creates the following threads:

  • One thread manages TCP/IP file connection requests and creates a new dedicated thread to handle the authentication and SQL statement processing for each connection. (On Unix, this thread also manages Unix socket file connection requests.) On Windows, a similar thread manages shared-memory connection requests, and on Windows NT-based systems, a thread manages named-pipe connection requests. Every client connection has its own thread, although the manager threads try to avoid creating threads by consulting the thread cache first to see whether a cached thread can be used for a new connection.

  • On a master replication server, slave server connections are like client connections: There is one thread per connected slave.

  • On a slave replication server, an I/O thread is started to connect to the master server and read updates from it. An SQL thread is started to apply updates read from the master. These two threads run independently and can be started and stopped independently.

  • A signal thread handles all signals. This thread also normally handles alarms and calls process_alarm() to force timeouts on connections that have been idle too long.

  • If InnoDB is used, there will be 4 additional threads by default. Those are file I/O threads, controlled by the innodb_file_io_threads parameter. See Section 13.2.5, “InnoDB Startup Options and System Variables”.

  • If mysqld is compiled with -DUSE_ALARM_THREAD, a dedicated thread that handles alarms is created. This is only used on some systems where there are problems with sigwait() or if you want to use the thr_alarm() code in your application without a dedicated signal handling thread.

  • If the server is started with the --flush_time=val option, a dedicated thread is created to flush all tables every val seconds.

  • Each table for which INSERT DELAYED statements are issued gets its own thread. See Section 12.2.4.2, “INSERT DELAYED Syntax”.

mysqladmin processlist only shows the connection, INSERT DELAYED, and replication threads.

MySQL Enterprise For expert advice on thread management subscribe to the MySQL Enterprise Monitor. For more information see, http://www.mysql.com/products/enterprise/advisors.html.

19.1.2. MySQL Test Suite

The test system that is included in Unix source and binary distributions makes it possible for users and developers to perform regression tests on the MySQL code. These tests can be run on Unix.

The current set of test cases doesn't test everything in MySQL, but it should catch most obvious bugs in the SQL processing code, operating system or library issues, and is quite thorough in testing replication. Our goal is to have the tests cover 100% of the code. We welcome contributions to our test suite. You may especially want to contribute tests that examine the functionality critical to your system because this ensures that all future MySQL releases work well with your applications.

The test system consists of a test language interpreter (mysqltest), a Perl script to run all tests (mysql-test-run.pl), the actual test cases written in a special test language, and their expected results. To run the test suite on your system after a build, type make test from the source root directory, or change location to the mysql-test directory and type ./mysql-test-run.pl. If you have installed a binary distribution, change location to the mysql-test directory under the installation root directory (for example, /usr/local/mysql/mysql-test), and run ./mysql-test-run.pl. All tests should succeed. If any do not, feel free to try to find out why and report the problem if it indicates a bug in MySQL. See Section 1.7, “How to Report Bugs or Problems”.

If one test fails, you should run mysql-test-run.pl with the --force option to check whether any other tests fail.

If you have a copy of mysqld running on the machine where you want to run the test suite, you do not have to stop it, as long as it is not using ports 9306 or 9307. If either of those ports is taken, you should set the MTR_BUILD_THREAD environment variable to an appropriate value, and the test suite will use a different set of ports for master, slave, NDB, and Instance Manager). For example:

shell> export MTR_BUILD_THREAD=31
shell> ./mysql-test-run.pl [options] [test_name]

In the mysql-test directory, you can run an individual test case with ./mysql-test-run.pl test_name.

You can use the mysqltest language to write your own test cases. This is documented in the MySQL Test Framework manual, available at http://dev.mysql.com/doc/.

If you have a question about the test suite, or have a test case to contribute, send an email message to the MySQL internals mailing list. See Section 1.6.1, “MySQL Mailing Lists”. This list does not accept attachments, so you should FTP all the relevant files to: ftp://ftp.mysql.com/pub/mysql/upload/

Before MySQL 4.1, the mysql-test-run shell script is used instead of the mysql-test-run.pl Perl script. mysql-test-run does not try to run its own server by default but tries to use your currently running server. To override this and cause mysql-test-run to start its own server, run it with the --local option.

19.2. Adding New Functions to MySQL

There are two ways to add new functions to MySQL:

  • You can add functions through the user-defined function (UDF) interface. User-defined functions are compiled as object files and then added to and removed from the server dynamically using the CREATE FUNCTION and DROP FUNCTION statements. See Section 19.2.2, “CREATE FUNCTION Syntax”.

  • You can add functions as native (built-in) MySQL functions. Native functions are compiled into the mysqld server and become available on a permanent basis.

Each method of creating compiled functions has advantages and disadvantages:

  • If you write user-defined functions, you must install object files in addition to the server itself. If you compile your function into the server, you don't need to do that.

  • Native functions require you to modify a source distribution. UDFs do not. You can add UDFs to a binary MySQL distribution. No access to MySQL source is necessary.

  • If you upgrade your MySQL distribution, you can continue to use your previously installed UDFs, unless you upgrade to a newer version for which the UDF interface changes. (An incompatible change occurred in MySQL 4.1.1 for aggregate functions. A function named xxx_clear() must be defined rather than xxx_reset().) For native functions, you must repeat your modifications each time you upgrade.

Whichever method you use to add new functions, they can be invoked in SQL statements just like native functions such as ABS() or SOUNDEX().

See Section 8.2.3, “Function Name Parsing and Resolution”, for the rules describing how the server interprets references to different kinds of functions.

The following sections describe features of the UDF interface, provide instructions for writing UDFs, discuss security precautions that MySQL takes to prevent UDF misuse, and describe how to add native MySQL functions.

For example source code that illustrates how to write UDFs, take a look at the sql/udf_example.cc file that is provided in MySQL source distributions.

19.2.1. Features of the User-Defined Function Interface

The MySQL interface for user-defined functions provides the following features and capabilities:

  • Functions can return string, integer, or real values and can accept arguments of those same types.

  • You can define simple functions that operate on a single row at a time, or aggregate functions that operate on groups of rows.

  • Information is provided to functions that enables them to check the number and types of the arguments passed to them.

  • You can tell MySQL to coerce arguments to a given type before passing them to a function.

  • You can indicate that a function returns NULL or that an error occurred.

19.2.2. CREATE FUNCTION Syntax

CREATE [AGGREGATE] FUNCTION function_name RETURNS {STRING|INTEGER|REAL}
    SONAME shared_library_name

A user-defined function (UDF) is a way to extend MySQL with a new function that works like a native (built-in) MySQL function such as ABS() or CONCAT().

function_name is the name that should be used in SQL statements to invoke the function. The RETURNS clause indicates the type of the function's return value. shared_library_name is the basename of the shared object file that contains the code that implements the function. The file must be located in a directory that is searched by your system's dynamic linker.

To create a function, you must have the INSERT and privilege for the mysql database. This is necessary because CREATE FUNCTION adds a row to the mysql.func system table that records the function's name, type, and shared library name. If you do not have this table, you should run the mysql_fix_privilege_tables script to create it. See Section 4.4.4, “mysql_fix_privilege_tables — Upgrade MySQL System Tables”.

An active function is one that has been loaded with CREATE FUNCTION and not removed with DROP FUNCTION. All active functions are reloaded each time the server starts, unless you start mysqld with the --skip-grant-tables option. In this case, UDF initialization is skipped and UDFs are unavailable.

For instructions on writing user-defined functions, see Section 19.2.4, “Adding a New User-Defined Function”. For the UDF mechanism to work, functions must be written in C or C++ (or another language that can use C calling conventions), your operating system must support dynamic loading and you must have compiled mysqld dynamically (not statically).

AGGREGATE is a new option for MySQL 3.23. An AGGREGATE function works exactly like a native MySQL aggregate (summary) function such as SUM or COUNT(). For AGGREGATE to work, your mysql.func table must contain a type column. If your mysql.func table does not have this column, you should run the mysql_fix_privilege_tables script to create it.

Note

To upgrade the shared library associated with a UDF, issue a DROP FUNCTION statement, upgrade the shared library, and then issue a CREATE FUNCTION statement. If you upgrade the shared library first and then use DROP FUNCTION, the server may crash.

19.2.3. DROP FUNCTION Syntax

DROP FUNCTION function_name

This statement drops the user-defined function (UDF) named function_name.

To drop a function, you must have the DELETE privilege for the mysql database. This is because DROP FUNCTION removes a row from the mysql.func system table that records the function's name, type, and shared library name.

Note

To upgrade the shared library associated with a UDF, issue a DROP FUNCTION statement, upgrade the shared library, and then issue a CREATE FUNCTION statement. If you upgrade the shared library first and then use DROP FUNCTION, the server may crash.

19.2.4. Adding a New User-Defined Function

For the UDF mechanism to work, functions must be written in C or C++ (or another language that can use C calling conventions), and your operating system must support dynamic loading. The MySQL source distribution includes a file sql/udf_example.cc that defines 5 new functions. Consult this file to see how UDF calling conventions work. UDF-related symbols and data structures are defined in the include/mysql_com.h header file. (You need not include this header file directly because it is included by mysql.h.)

A UDF contains code that becomes part of the running server, so when you write a UDF, you are bound by any and all constraints that otherwise apply to writing server code. For example, you may have problems if you attempt to use functions from the libstdc++ library. Note that these constraints may change in future versions of the server, so it is possible that server upgrades will require revisions to UDFs that were originally written for older servers. For information about these constraints, see Section 2.9.2, “Typical configure Options”, and Section 2.9.4, “Dealing with Problems Compiling MySQL”.

To be able to use UDFs, you need to link mysqld dynamically. Don't configure MySQL using --with-mysqld-ldflags=-all-static. If you want to use a UDF that needs to access symbols from mysqld (for example, the metaphone function in sql/udf_example.cc that uses default_charset_info), you must link the program with -rdynamic (see man dlopen). If you plan to use UDFs, the rule of thumb is to configure MySQL with --with-mysqld-ldflags=-rdynamic unless you have a very good reason not to.

If you must use a precompiled distribution of MySQL, use MySQL-Max, which contains a dynamically linked server that supports dynamic loading.

For each function that you want to use in SQL statements, you should define corresponding C (or C++) functions. In the following discussion, the name “xxx” is used for an example function name. To distinguish between SQL and C/C++ usage, XXX() (uppercase) indicates an SQL function call, and xxx() (lowercase) indicates a C/C++ function call.

The C/C++ functions that you write to implement the interface for XXX() are:

  • xxx() (required)

    The main function. This is where the function result is computed. The correspondence between the SQL function data type and the return type of your C/C++ function is shown here:

    SQL TypeC/C++ Type
    STRINGchar *
    INTEGERlong long
    REALdouble
  • xxx_init() (optional)

    The initialization function for xxx(). It can be used for the following purposes:

    • To check the number of arguments to XXX().

    • To check that the arguments are of a required type or, alternatively, to tell MySQL to coerce arguments to the types you want when the main function is called.

    • To allocate any memory required by the main function.

    • To specify the maximum length of the result.

    • To specify (for REAL functions) the maximum number of decimal places in the result.

    • To specify whether the result can be NULL.

  • xxx_deinit() (optional)

    The deinitialization function for xxx(). It should deallocate any memory allocated by the initialization function.

When an SQL statement invokes XXX(), MySQL calls the initialization function xxx_init() to let it perform any required setup, such as argument checking or memory allocation. If xxx_init() returns an error, MySQL aborts the SQL statement with an error message and does not call the main or deinitialization functions. Otherwise, MySQL calls the main function xxx() once for each row. After all rows have been processed, MySQL calls the deinitialization function xxx_deinit() so that it can perform any required cleanup.

For aggregate functions that work like SUM(), you must also provide the following functions:

  • xxx_reset() (required before 4.1.1)

    Reset the current aggregate value and insert the argument as the initial aggregate value for a new group.

  • xxx_clear() (required starting from 4.1.1)

    Reset the current aggregate value but do not insert the argument as the initial aggregate value for a new group.

  • xxx_add() (required)

    Add the argument to the current aggregate value.

MySQL handles aggregate UDFs as follows:

  1. Call xxx_init() to let the aggregate function allocate any memory it needs for storing results.

  2. Sort the table according to the GROUP BY expression.

  3. Call xxx_clear() for the first row in each new group.

  4. Call xxx_add() for each new row that belongs in the same group.

  5. Call xxx() to get the result for the aggregate when the group changes or after the last row has been processed.

  6. Repeat 3-5 until all rows has been processed

  7. Call xxx_deinit() to let the UDF free any memory it has allocated.

All functions must be thread-safe. This includes not just the main function, but the initialization and deinitialization functions as well, and also the additional functions required by aggregate functions. A consequence of this requirement is that you are not allowed to allocate any global or static variables that change! If you need memory, you should allocate it in xxx_init() and free it in xxx_deinit().

19.2.4.1. UDF Calling Sequences for Simple Functions

This section describes the different functions that you need to define when you create a simple UDF. Section 19.2.4, “Adding a New User-Defined Function”, describes the order in which MySQL calls these functions.

The main xxx() function should be declared as shown in this section. Note that the return type and parameters differ, depending on whether you declare the SQL function XXX() to return STRING, INTEGER, or REAL in the CREATE FUNCTION statement:

For STRING functions:

char *xxx(UDF_INIT *initid, UDF_ARGS *args,
          char *result, unsigned long *length,
          char *is_null, char *error);

For INTEGER functions:

long long xxx(UDF_INIT *initid, UDF_ARGS *args,
              char *is_null, char *error);

For REAL functions:

double xxx(UDF_INIT *initid, UDF_ARGS *args,
              char *is_null, char *error);

The initialization and deinitialization functions are declared like this:

my_bool xxx_init(UDF_INIT *initid, UDF_ARGS *args, char *message);

void xxx_deinit(UDF_INIT *initid);

The initid parameter is passed to all three functions. It points to a UDF_INIT structure that is used to communicate information between functions. The UDF_INIT structure members follow. The initialization function should fill in any members that it wishes to change. (To use the default for a member, leave it unchanged.)

  • my_bool maybe_null

    xxx_init() should set maybe_null to 1 if xxx() can return NULL. The default value is 1 if any of the arguments are declared maybe_null.

  • unsigned int decimals

    The number of decimal digits to the right of the decimal point. The default value is the maximum number of decimal digits in the arguments passed to the main function. (For example, if the function is passed 1.34, 1.345, and 1.3, the default would be 3, because 1.345 has 3 decimal digits.

  • unsigned int max_length

    The maximum length of the result. The default max_length value differs depending on the result type of the function. For string functions, the default is the length of the longest argument. For integer functions, the default is 21 digits. For real functions, the default is 13 plus the number of decimal digits indicated by initid->decimals. (For numeric functions, the length includes any sign or decimal point characters.)

    If you want to return a blob value, you can set max_length to 65KB or 16MB. This memory is not allocated, but the value is used to decide which data type to use if there is a need to temporarily store the data.

  • char *ptr

    A pointer that the function can use for its own purposes. For example, functions can use initid->ptr to communicate allocated memory among themselves. xxx_init() should allocate the memory and assign it to this pointer:

    initid->ptr = allocated_memory;
    

    In xxx() and xxx_deinit(), refer to initid->ptr to use or deallocate the memory.

19.2.4.2. UDF Calling Sequences for Aggregate Functions

This section describes the different functions that you need to define when you create an aggregate UDF. Section 19.2.4, “Adding a New User-Defined Function”, describes the order in which MySQL calls these functions.

  • xxx_reset()

    This function is called when MySQL finds the first row in a new group. It should reset any internal summary variables and then use the given UDF_ARGS argument as the first value in your internal summary value for the group. Declare xxx_reset() as follows:

    char *xxx_reset(UDF_INIT *initid, UDF_ARGS *args,
                    char *is_null, char *error);
    

    xxx_reset() is needed only before MySQL 4.1.1. It is not needed or used as of MySQL 4.1.1, when the UDF interface changed to use xxx_clear() instead. However, you can define both xxx_reset() and xxx_clear() if you want to have your UDF work both before and after the interface change. (If you do include both functions, the xxx_reset() function in many cases can be implemented internally by calling xxx_clear() to reset all variables, and then calling xxx_add() to add the UDF_ARGS argument as the first value in the group.)

  • xxx_clear()

    This function is called when MySQL needs to reset the summary results. It is called at the beginning for each new group but can also be called to reset the values for a query where there were no matching rows. Declare xxx_clear() as follows:

    char *xxx_clear(UDF_INIT *initid, char *is_null, char *error);
    

    is_null is set to point to CHAR(0) before calling xxx_clear().

    If something went wrong, you can store a value in the variable to which the error argument points. error points to a single-byte variable, not to a string buffer.

    xxx_clear() is required only by MySQL 4.1.1 and above. Before MySQL 4.1.1, use xxx_reset() instead.

  • xxx_add()

    This function is called for all rows that belong to the same group, except for the first row. You should use it to add the value in the UDF_ARGS argument to your internal summary variable.

    char *xxx_add(UDF_INIT *initid, UDF_ARGS *args,
                  char *is_null, char *error);
    

The xxx() function for an aggregate UDF should be declared the same way as for a non-aggregate UDF. See Section 19.2.4.1, “UDF Calling Sequences for Simple Functions”.

For an aggregate UDF, MySQL calls the xxx() function after all rows in the group have been processed. You should normally never access its UDF_ARGS argument here but instead return a value based on your internal summary variables.

Return value handling in xxx() should be done the same way as for a non-aggregate UDF. See Section 19.2.4.4, “UDF Return Values and Error Handling”.

The xxx_reset() and xxx_add() functions handle their UDF_ARGS argument the same way as functions for non-aggregate UDFs. See Section 19.2.4.3, “UDF Argument Processing”.

The pointer arguments to is_null and error are the same for all calls to xxx_reset(), xxx_clear(), xxx_add() and xxx(). You can use this to remember that you got an error or whether the xxx() function should return NULL. You should not store a string into *error! error points to a single-byte variable, not to a string buffer.

*is_null is reset for each group (before calling xxx_clear()). *error is never reset.

If *is_null or *error are set when xxx() returns, MySQL returns NULL as the result for the group function.

19.2.4.3. UDF Argument Processing

The args parameter points to a UDF_ARGS structure that has the members listed here:

  • unsigned int arg_count

    The number of arguments. Check this value in the initialization function if you require your function to be called with a particular number of arguments. For example:

    if (args->arg_count != 2)
    {
        strcpy(message,"XXX() requires two arguments");
        return 1;
    }
    

    For other UDF_ARGS member values that are arrays, array references are zero-based. That is, refer to array members using index values from 0 to args->arg_count – 1.

  • enum Item_result *arg_type

    A pointer to an array containing the types for each argument. The possible type values are STRING_RESULT, INT_RESULT, and REAL_RESULT.

    To make sure that arguments are of a given type and return an error if they are not, check the arg_type array in the initialization function. For example:

    if (args->arg_type[0] != STRING_RESULT ||
        args->arg_type[1] != INT_RESULT)
    {
        strcpy(message,"XXX() requires a string and an integer");
        return 1;
    }
    

    As an alternative to requiring your function's arguments to be of particular types, you can use the initialization function to set the arg_type elements to the types you want. This causes MySQL to coerce arguments to those types for each call to xxx(). For example, to specify that the first two arguments should be coerced to string and integer, respectively, do this in xxx_init():

    args->arg_type[0] = STRING_RESULT;
    args->arg_type[1] = INT_RESULT;
    
  • char **args

    args->args communicates information to the initialization function about the general nature of the arguments passed to your function. For a constant argument i, args->args[i] points to the argument value. (See below for instructions on how to access the value properly.) For a non-constant argument, args->args[i] is 0. A constant argument is an expression that uses only constants, such as 3 or 4*7-2 or SIN(3.14). A non-constant argument is an expression that refers to values that may change from row to row, such as column names or functions that are called with non-constant arguments.

    For each invocation of the main function, args->args contains the actual arguments that are passed for the row currently being processed.

    If argument i represents NULL, args->args[i] is a null pointer (0). If the argument is not NULL, functions can refer to it as follows:

    • An argument of type STRING_RESULT is given as a string pointer plus a length, to allow handling of binary data or data of arbitrary length. The string contents are available as args->args[i] and the string length is args->lengths[i]. Do not assume that the string is null-terminated.

    • For an argument of type INT_RESULT, you must cast args->args[i] to a long long value:

      long long int_val;
      int_val = *((long long*) args->args[i]);
      
    • For an argument of type REAL_RESULT, you must cast args->args[i] to a double value:

      double    real_val;
      real_val = *((double*) args->args[i]);
      
  • unsigned long *lengths

    For the initialization function, the lengths array indicates the maximum string length for each argument. You should not change these. For each invocation of the main function, lengths contains the actual lengths of any string arguments that are passed for the row currently being processed. For arguments of types INT_RESULT or REAL_RESULT, lengths still contains the maximum length of the argument (as for the initialization function).

  • char *maybe_null

    For the initialization function, the maybe_null array indicates for each argument whether the argument value might be null (0 if no, 1 if yes).

19.2.4.4. UDF Return Values and Error Handling

The initialization function should return 0 if no error occurred and 1 otherwise. If an error occurs, xxx_init() should store a null-terminated error message in the message parameter. The message is returned to the client. The message buffer is MYSQL_ERRMSG_SIZE characters long, but you should try to keep the message to less than 80 characters so that it fits the width of a standard terminal screen.

The return value of the main function xxx() is the function value, for long long and double functions. A string function should return a pointer to the result and set *result and *length to the contents and length of the return value. For example:

memcpy(result, "result string", 13);
*length = 13;

The result buffer that is passed to the xxx() function is 255 bytes long. If your result fits in this, you don't have to worry about memory allocation for results.

If your string function needs to return a string longer than 255 bytes, you must allocate the space for it with malloc() in your xxx_init() function or your xxx() function and free it in your xxx_deinit() function. You can store the allocated memory in the ptr slot in the UDF_INIT structure for reuse by future xxx() calls. See Section 19.2.4.1, “UDF Calling Sequences for Simple Functions”.

To indicate a return value of NULL in the main function, set *is_null to 1:

*is_null = 1;

To indicate an error return in the main function, set *error to 1:

*error = 1;

If xxx() sets *error to 1 for any row, the function value is NULL for the current row and for any subsequent rows processed by the statement in which XXX() was invoked. (xxx() is not even called for subsequent rows.)

Note

Before MySQL 3.22.10, you should set both *error and *is_null:

*error = 1;
*is_null = 1;

19.2.4.5. Compiling and Installing User-Defined Functions

Files implementing UDFs must be compiled and installed on the host where the server runs. This process is described below for the example UDF file sql/udf_example.cc that is included in the MySQL source distribution.

The immediately following instructions are for Unix. Instructions for Windows are given later in this section.

The udf_example.cc file contains the following functions:

  • metaphon() returns a metaphon string of the string argument. This is something like a soundex string, but it's more tuned for English.

  • myfunc_double() returns the sum of the ASCII values of the characters in its arguments, divided by the sum of the length of its arguments.

  • myfunc_int() returns the sum of the length of its arguments.

  • sequence([const int]) returns a sequence starting from the given number or 1 if no number has been given.

  • lookup() returns the IP number for a hostname.

  • reverse_lookup() returns the hostname for an IP number. The function may be called either with a single string argument of the form 'xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx' or with four numbers.

A dynamically loadable file should be compiled as a sharable object file, using a command something like this:

shell> gcc -shared -o udf_example.so udf_example.cc

If you are using gcc, you should be able to create udf_example.so with a simpler command:

shell> make udf_example.so

You can easily determine the correct compiler options for your system by running this command in the sql directory of your MySQL source tree:

shell> make udf_example.o

You should run a compile command similar to the one that make displays, except that you should remove the -c option near the end of the line and add -o udf_example.so to the end of the line. (On some systems, you may need to leave the -c on the command.)

After you compile a shared object containing UDFs, you must install it and tell MySQL about it. Compiling a shared object from udf_example.cc produces a file named something like udf_example.so (the exact name may vary from platform to platform). Copy this file to some directory such as /usr/lib that searched by your system's dynamic (runtime) linker, or add the directory in which you placed the shared object to the linker configuration file (for example, /etc/ld.so.conf).

The dynamic linker name is system-specific (for example, ld-elf.so.1 on FreeBSD, ld.so on Linux, or dyld on Mac OS X). Consult your system documentation for information about the linker name and how to configure it.

On many systems, you can also set the LD_LIBRARY or LD_LIBRARY_PATH environment variable to point at the directory where you have the files for your UDF. The dlopen manual page tells you which variable you should use on your system. You should set this in mysql.server or mysqld_safe startup scripts and restart mysqld.

On some systems, the ldconfig program that configures the dynamic linker does not recognize a shared object unless its name begins with lib. In this case you should rename a file such as udf_example.so to libudf_example.so.

On Windows, you can compile user-defined functions by using the following procedure:

  1. You need to obtain the BitKeeper source repository for MySQL 4.0 or higher. See Section 2.9.3, “Installing from the Development Source Tree”.

  2. In the source repository, look in the VC++Files/examples/udf_example directory. There are files named udf_example.def, udf_example.dsp, and udf_example.dsw there.

  3. In the source repository, look in the sql directory. Copy the udf_example.cc from this directory to the VC++Files/examples/udf_example directory and rename the file to udf_example.cpp.

  4. Open the udf_example.dsw file with Visual Studio VC++ and use it to compile the UDFs as a normal project.

After the shared object file has been installed, notify mysqld about the new functions with these statements:

mysql> CREATE FUNCTION metaphon RETURNS STRING SONAME 'udf_example.so';
mysql> CREATE FUNCTION myfunc_double RETURNS REAL SONAME 'udf_example.so';
mysql> CREATE FUNCTION myfunc_int RETURNS INTEGER SONAME 'udf_example.so';
mysql> CREATE FUNCTION lookup RETURNS STRING SONAME 'udf_example.so';
mysql> CREATE FUNCTION reverse_lookup
    ->        RETURNS STRING SONAME 'udf_example.so';
mysql> CREATE AGGREGATE FUNCTION avgcost
    ->        RETURNS REAL SONAME 'udf_example.so';

Functions can be deleted using DROP FUNCTION:

mysql> DROP FUNCTION metaphon;
mysql> DROP FUNCTION myfunc_double;
mysql> DROP FUNCTION myfunc_int;
mysql> DROP FUNCTION lookup;
mysql> DROP FUNCTION reverse_lookup;
mysql> DROP FUNCTION avgcost;

The CREATE FUNCTION and DROP FUNCTION statements update the func system table in the mysql database. The function's name, type and shared library name are saved in the table. You must have the INSERT and DELETE privileges for the mysql database to create and drop functions.

You should not use CREATE FUNCTION to add a function that has previously been created. If you need to reinstall a function, you should remove it with DROP FUNCTION and then reinstall it with CREATE FUNCTION. You would need to do this, for example, if you recompile a new version of your function, so that mysqld gets the new version. Otherwise, the server continues to use the old version.

An active function is one that has been loaded with CREATE FUNCTION and not removed with DROP FUNCTION. All active functions are reloaded each time the server starts, unless you start mysqld with the --skip-grant-tables option. In this case, UDF initialization is skipped and UDFs are unavailable.

If the new function will be referred to in statements that will be replicated to slave servers, you must ensure that every slave server also has the function available. Otherwise, replication will fail on the slaves when they attempt to invoke the function.

19.2.4.6. User-Defined Function Security Precautions

MySQL takes the following measures to prevent misuse of user-defined functions.

You must have the INSERT privilege to be able to use CREATE FUNCTION and the DELETE privilege to be able to use DROP FUNCTION. This is necessary because these statements add and delete rows from the mysql.func table.

UDFs should have at least one symbol defined in addition to the xxx symbol that corresponds to the main xxx() function. These auxiliary symbols correspond to the xxx_init(), xxx_deinit(), xxx_reset(), xxx_clear(), and xxx_add() functions. As of MySQL 4.0.24 and 4.1.10a, mysqld supports an --allow-suspicious-udfs option that controls whether UDFs that have only an xxx symbol can be loaded. By default, the option is off, to prevent attempts at loading functions from shared object files other than those containing legitimate UDFs. If you have older UDFs that contain only the xxx symbol and that cannot be recompiled to include an auxiliary symbol, it may be necessary to specify the --allow-suspicious-udfs option. Otherwise, you should avoid enabling this capability.

UDF object files cannot be placed in arbitrary directories. They must be located in some system directory that the dynamic linker is configured to search. To enforce this restriction and prevent attempts at specifying pathnames outside of directories searched by the dynamic linker, MySQL checks the shared object file name specified in CREATE FUNCTION statements for pathname delimiter characters. As of MySQL 4.0.24 and 4.1.10a, MySQL also checks for pathname delimiters in filenames stored in the mysql.func table when it loads functions. This prevents attempts at specifying illegitimate pathnames through direct manipulation of the mysql.func table. For information about UDFs and the runtime linker, see Section 19.2.4.5, “Compiling and Installing User-Defined Functions”.

19.2.5. Adding a New Native Function

To add a new native MySQL function, use the procedure described here, which requires that you use a source distribution. You cannot add native functions to a binary distribution because it is necessary to modify MySQL source code and compile MySQL from the modified source. If you migrate to another version of MySQL (for example, when a new version is released), you must repeat the procedure with the new version.

If the new native function will be referred to in statements that will be replicated to slave servers, you must ensure that every slave server also has the function available. Otherwise, replication will fail on the slaves when they attempt to invoke the function.

To add a new native function, follow these steps to modify source files in the sql directory:

  1. Add one line to lex.h that defines the function name in the sql_functions[] array.

  2. If the function prototype is simple (just takes zero, one, two, or three arguments), add a line to the sql_functions[] array in lex.h that specifies SYM(FUNC_ARGN) as the second argument (where N is the number of arguments the function takes). Also, add a function in item_create.cc that creates a function object. Look at "ABS" and create_funcs_abs() for an example of this.

    If the function prototype is not simple (for example, if it takes a variable number of arguments), you should make two changes to sql_yacc.yy. One is a line that indicates the preprocessor symbol that yacc should define; this should be added at the beginning of the file. The other is an “item” to be added to the simple_expr parsing rule that defines the function parameters. You will need an item for each syntax with which the function can be called. For an example that shows how this this is done, check all occurrences of ATAN in sql_yacc.yy.

  3. In item_func.h, declare a class inheriting from Item_num_func or Item_str_func, depending on whether your function returns a number or a string.

  4. In item_func.cc, add one of the following declarations, depending on whether you are defining a numeric or string function:

    double   Item_func_newname::val()
    longlong Item_func_newname::val_int()
    String  *Item_func_newname::Str(String *str)
    

    If you inherit your object from any of the standard items (like Item_num_func), you probably only have to define one of these functions and let the parent object take care of the other functions. For example, the Item_str_func class defines a val() function that executes atof() on the value returned by ::str().

  5. If the function is non-deterministic, include the following statement in the item constructor to indicate that function results should not be cached:

    current_thd->lex->safe_to_cache_query=0;
    

    A function is non-deterministic if, given fixed values for its arguments, it can return different results for different invocations.

  6. You should probably also define the following object function:

    void Item_func_newname::fix_length_and_dec()
    

    This function should at least calculate max_length based on the given arguments. max_length is the maximum number of characters the function may return. This function should also set maybe_null = 0 if the main function can't return a NULL value. The function can check whether any of the function arguments can return NULL by checking the arguments' maybe_null variable. Look at Item_func_mod::fix_length_and_dec for a typical example of how to do this.

All functions must be thread-safe. In other words, do not use any global or static variables in the functions without protecting them with mutexes.

If you want to return NULL from ::val(), ::val_int(), or ::str(), you should set null_value to 1 and return 0.

For ::str() object functions, there are additional considerations to be aware of:

  • The String *str argument provides a string buffer that may be used to hold the result. (For more information about the String type, take a look at the sql_string.h file.)

  • The ::str() function should return the string that holds the result, or (char*) 0 if the result is NULL.

  • All current string functions try to avoid allocating any memory unless absolutely necessary!

19.3. Adding New Procedures to MySQL

In MySQL, you can define a procedure in C++ that can access and modify the data in a query before it is sent to the client. The modification can be done on a row-by-row or GROUP BY level.

We have created an example procedure in MySQL 3.23 to show you what can be done.

Additionally, we recommend that you take a look at mylua. With this you can use the LUA language to load a procedure at runtime into mysqld.

19.3.1. PROCEDURE ANALYSE

analyse([max_elements[,max_memory]])

This procedure is defined in the sql/sql_analyse.cc file. It examines the result from a query and returns an analysis of the results that suggests optimal data types for each column. To obtain this analysis, append PROCEDURE ANALYSE to the end of a SELECT statement:

SELECT ... FROM ... WHERE ... PROCEDURE ANALYSE([max_elements,[max_memory]])

For example:

SELECT col1, col2 FROM table1 PROCEDURE ANALYSE(10, 2000);

The results show some statistics for the values returned by the query, and propose an optimal data type for the columns. This can be helpful for checking your existing tables, or after importing new data. You may need to try different settings for the arguments so that PROCEDURE ANALYSE() does not suggest the ENUM data type when it is not appropriate.

The arguments are optional and are used as follows:

  • max_elements (default 256) is the maximum number of distinct values that analyse notices per column. This is used by analyse to check whether the optimal data type should be of type ENUM.

  • max_memory (default 8192) is the maximum amount of memory that analyse should allocate per column while trying to find all distinct values.

19.3.2. Writing a Procedure

For the moment, the only documentation for this is the source.

You can find all information about procedures by examining the following files:

  • sql/sql_analyse.cc

  • sql/procedure.h

  • sql/procedure.cc

  • sql/sql_select.cc